Acetate Definition - What Is an Acetate

Acetate refers to the acetate anion and the acetate ester functional group. The acetate anion is formed from acetic acid and has a chemical formula of CH3COO-. The acetate anion is commonly abbreviated as OAc in formulas. For example, sodium acetate is abbreviated NaOAc and acetic acid is HOAc. The acetate ester group connects a functional group to the last oxygen atom of the acetate anion. The general formula for the acetate ester group is CH3COO-R. Key Takeaways: Acetate The word acetate refers to the acetate anion, the acetate functional group, and to compounds that include the acetate anion.The chemical formula for the acetate anion is C2H3O2-.The simplest compound made using acetate is hydrogen acetate or ethanoate, which is most often called acetic acid.Acetate in the form of acetyl CoA is used in metabolism to yield chemical energy. However, too much acetate in the bloodstream can lead to adenosine accumulation, which causes symptoms of a hangover. Acetic Acid and Acetates When the negatively-charged acetate anion combines with a positively charged cation, the resulting compound is called an acetate. The simplest of these compounds is hydrogen acetate, which is commonly called acetic acid. The systematic name of acetic acid is ethanoate, but the name acetic acid is preferred by the IUPAC. Other important acetates are acetate of lead (or sugar of lead), chromium(II) acetate, and aluminum acetate. Most transition metal acetates are colorless salts that are highly soluble in water. At one time, lead acetate was used as a (toxic) sweetener. Aluminum acetate is used in dyeing. Potassium acetate is a diuretic. Most acetic acid produced by the chemical industry is used to prepare acetates. Acetates, in turn, are primarily used to make polymers. Nearly half of acetic acid production goes to preparing vinyl acetate, which is used to make polyvinyl alcohol, an ingredient in paint. Another fraction of acetic acid is used to make cellulose acetate, which is used to make fibers for the textile industry and acetate discs in the audio industry. In biology, acetates occur naturally for use in biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules. For example, bonding two carbons from acetate to a fatty acid produces a more complex hydrocarbon. Acetate Salts and Acetate Esters Because acetate salts are ionic, they tend to dissolve well in water. One of the easiest forms of acetate to prepare at home is sodium acetate, which is also known as hot ice. Sodium acetate is prepared by mixing vinegar (dilute acetic acid) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and evaporating off the excess water. While acetate salts are typically white, soluble powders, acetate esters are typically available as lipophilic, often volatile liquids. Acetate esters have the general chemical formula CH3CO2R, in which R is an organyl group. Acetate esters are typically inexpensive, display low toxicity, and often have a sweet odor. Acetate Biochemistry Methanogen archaea produce methane via a disproportionation reaction of fermentation: CH3COO- H → CH4 CO2 In this reaction, a single electron is transferred from the carbonyl of the carboxylic group to the methyl group, releasing methane gas and carbon dioxide gas. In animals, acetate is most commonly used in the form acetyl coenzyme A. Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl CoA is important for lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism. It delivers the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle for oxidation, which leads to energy production. Acetate is believe to cause or at least contribute to hangovers from alcohol consumption. When alcohol is metabolized in mammals, increased levels of serum acetate lead to adenosine accumulation in the brain and other tissues. In rats, caffeine has been shown to reduce nociceptive behavior in response to adenosine. So, while drinking coffee after consuming alcohol may not increase sobriety of a person (or rat), it may reduce the likelihood of getting a hangover. Resources and Further Reading Cheung, Hosea, et al. â€Å"Acetic Acid.† Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 15 June 2000.Holmes, Bob. â€Å"Is Coffee the Real Cure for a Hangover?† New Scientist, 11 Jan. 2011.March, Jerry. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. 4th ed., Wiley, 1992.Nelson, David Lee, and Michael M Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd ed., Worth, 2000.Vogels, G.D., et al. â€Å"Biochemistry of Methane Production.† Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms, edited by Alexander J.B. Zehnder, 99th ed., Wiley, 1988, pp. 707-770.

Women During The Civil War - 997 Words

Many people believe that women did not play any essential roles in our country’s history until the 1960s. However, this is not the case. Women have played many vital roles in suffrage movements as attempts to shed light upon or cure many of the ills of American society throughout American history. As an example, women fought to change the course and ideologies that were bestowed upon them by the traditional viewpoints of society of the time. The status of women was shifting rapidly in the Progressive Era. However, middle-class white married women still did not work outside the home. They were expected to stay home and tend to their families. Minority women, on the other hand, had to balance home life and their jobs outside of the home.†¦show more content†¦Likewise, several African American women went from working in agriculture to working in factories and as domestic servants and housekeepers. Concurrently, African American women had to endure the social and governmental racism, segregation, and overtly violent acts of racism, such as lynching and also sexism. This paper focuses on comparing and contrasting the education received by African American and Euro-American women used due to their differing and sometimes conflicted social standings during the Progressive Era. Attention is also given to specific strategies that were realized by organizations and groups, such as women’s conventions, schools, and settlement houses to help achieve their overall goal of equality. Attention is also given to specific strategies that were realized by organizations and groups, such as women’s conventions, schools, and settlement houses to help achieve their overall goal of equality. The paper also pinpoints key early reforms, and highlights the women who led them. In order to fully understand how and why these women did what they had to do, one must have knowledge of both the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era. The Gilded Age It is said that Mark Twain dubbed the later years of the 19th century as the Gilded Age. The period is very well described as a glittering invitation of the ‘American Dream’ to immigrants and laborers on the surface but corrupt and

The Importance of Color and Balance in the Work of Nolde Free Essays

Color was tremendously important to the artist Emil Nolde and Henri Matisse.   They used color to achieve balance, vividness, and brilliance.   Both men were born in the eighteen sixties and died in the nineteen fifties, therefore they were painting during the same time period. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Color and Balance in the Work of Nolde or any similar topic only for you Order Now    They were European with Nolde being from Germany and Matisse from France.   They shared an extraordinary use of color. Emil Nolde painted the famous still life Tulips using bright vivid color choices.   It is a watercolor on paper yet the colors almost have the same depth as oils.   The background in Tulips is a range of light and dark shades of violet.   The darkness is achieved by the amount of blue in the violet.   The actual flowers are deep shades of red, orange, yellow, and white. They are very detailed in shape and form.   Matisse painted the still life Tulips and Oysters on Black Background.  Ã‚   These two artists used similar colors in their work, but the works were different.   Matisse uses a deep brownish red instead of black as the title suggested for the background.   Like Nolde, he uses vibrant shades of red, orange, yellow and white which create the same warm tone as Nolde’s.   However, Tulips and Oysters on Black Background is not as defined and has more objects like a table and oysters along with the tulips. The focal point of each painting is the tulips.   In Tulips by Nolde, he uses colors that are analogues to achieve the warmth of the flowers that are a symbol of spring and warmer weather.   Matisse also uses red in the color of the tulips even though he uses more white than Nolde.   His use of analogues are placed on the table.   He uses the red table, yellow lemons, and the deeper shade of red in the tulips to create the same warmth that Nolde does. Both Nolde and Matisse use complimentary colors as well to achieve balance.   They both use green in the leaves and stems to compliment the red in the tulips. In Tulips by Nolde, orange is complimented by the shades of blue in the background.   Tulips and Oysters on Black Background by Matisse uses the blue in the vase to compliment the orange red of the table.   Nolde adds a random yellow tulip at the base of his arrangement so that the violet of the background will be complimented While the violet rims of the oysters compliment the vibrant yellow lemons on the table. References Delahunt, M. (1996-2008). Artlex. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www.artlex.com Matisse, H. (1943-44). Tulips and Oysters on Black Background Nolde, E. (1930). Tulips How to cite The Importance of Color and Balance in the Work of Nolde, Essay examples